How does hydraulic pump work - Hydraulic pump|Swing Motor|Hydraulic motor manufacturing

How does hydraulic pump work

The purpose of a hydraulic pump is to supply the flow of fluid required by a hydraulic system. The pump does not create system pressure. System pressure is created by a combination of the flow generated by the pump and the resistance to flow created by friction and restrictions within the system.

As the pump provides flow, it transmits a force to the fluid. When the flow encounters resistance, this force is changed into pressure. Resistance to flow is the result of a restriction or obstruction in the flow path. This restriction is normally the work accomplished by the hydraulic system, but there can also be restrictions created by the lines, fittings, or components within the system. Thus, the load imposed on the system or the action of a pressure-regulating valve controls the system pressure.

How does hydraulic pump work
How does hydraulic pump work

OPERATION

A pump must have a continuous supply of fluid available to its inlet port before it can supply fluid to the system. As the pump forces fluid through the outlet port, a partial vacuum or low-pressure area is created at the inlet port. When the pressure at the inlet port of the pump is lower than the atmospheric pressure, the atmospheric pressure acting on the fluid in the reservoir must force the fluid into the pump’s inlet. This is called a suction lift condition.

PERFORMANCE

Pumps are normally rated by their volumetric output and discharge pressure. Volumetric output is the amount of fluid a pump can deliver to its outlet port in a certain period of time and at a given speed. Volumetric output is usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) Since changes in pump speed affect volumetric output, some pumps are rated by their displacement. Pump displacement is the amount of fluid the pump can deliver per cycle or complete rotation. Since most pumps use a rotary drive, displacement is usually expressed in terms of cubic inches per revolution. Although pumps do not directly create pressure, the system pressure created by the restrictions or work performed by the system has a direct effect on the volumetric output of the pump. As the system pressure increases, the volumetric output of the pump decreases. This drop in volumetric output is the result of an increase in the amount of leakage within the pump. This leakage is referred to as pump slippage or slip. It is a factor that must be considered in all hydraulic pumps.

PUMP RATINGS

Pumps are generally rated by their maximum operating pressure capability and their output in gallons per minute (gpm) at a given operating speed.

Pressure

Based on reasonable service life expectancy under specified operating conditions, the manufacturer determines the pressure rating of a pump. It is important to note that there is no standard industry-wide safety factor in this rating. Operating at higher pressure may result in reduced pump life or more serious damage.

Displacement

The flow capacity of a pump can be expressed as its displacement per revolution or by its output in gallons per minute (gpm). Displacement is the volume of liquid transferred in one complete cycle of pump operation. It is equal to the volume of one pumping chamber multiplied by the number of chambers that pass the outlet during one complete revolution or cycle.

Displacement is expressed in cubic inches per revolution. Most pumps that are used in hydraulic applications have a fixed displacement, which cannot be changed except by replacing certain components. However, in some it is possible to vary the size of the pumping chamber and thereby the displacement by means of external controls. Some unbalanced vane pumps and many piston units can be varied from maximum to zero delivery or’ even to reverse flow without modification to the pump’s internal configuration.

How does hydraulic pump work
How does hydraulic pump work

Volumetric Efficiency

In theory, a pump delivers an amount of fluid equal to its displacement each cycle or revolution. In reality, the actual output is reduced because of internal leakage or slippage. As pressure increases, the leakage from the outlet to the inlet or to the drain also
increases and the volumetric efficiency decreases.

Volumetric efficiency is equal to the actual output divided by the theoretical output. It is expressed as a percentage:
Efficiency = Actual output /Theoretical output*100

For example, if a pump theoretically should deliver 10 gpm but delivers only 9 gpm at 1,000 psig, its volumetric efficiency at that pressure is 90 percent.
Efficiency = 10 gpm/9gpm xl00 = 90%
If the discharge pressure is increased, the amount of slippage will increase. If we increase the pressure in the preceding example to 1,500 psig, the actual output may drop to 8 gpm. Therefore, the volumetric efficiency will decrease to 80 percent at 1,500 psig.

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